“Heart Rate Variability Training: How HRV Biofeedback Improves Stress Resilience and Health”

HRV training, also called heart rate variability biofeedback (HRVB) or resonance frequency breathing, teaches you to breathe slowly, usually between 4.5 and 6.5 breaths per minute, while watching your heart rhythm on a screen, so that each breath produces a large, regular swing in heart rate that exercises the baroreflex and strengthens vagal control of the heart. A 2020 meta-analysis of 58 randomized controlled trials led by Paul Lehrer of Rutgers found a small to moderate overall benefit, with the largest effects for anxiety, depression, anger and athletic performance and the smallest for PTSD, sleep and quality of life.

That makes HRV biofeedback one of the better studied forms of biofeedback therapy, and also one you can practice at home once you have learned it. The sections below cover what HRV is, how it is measured, how the standard protocol works, what the trials show condition by condition, which wearables track it, and how to find a clinician who teaches it.

What Heart Rate Variability Actually Is

Your heart does not beat like a metronome. Even when your pulse reads “70 beats per minute,” the actual intervals between beats vary constantly. One beat might come 0.85 seconds after the previous one, the next at 0.92 seconds, the next at 0.78 seconds. These tiny fluctuations are heart rate variability.

This variation is not a sign that something is wrong. It is a sign that your autonomic nervous system is responsive and flexible. Your sympathetic nervous system (the “gas pedal”) speeds the heart up, and your parasympathetic nervous system, working through the vagus nerve (the “brake”), slows it down. In a healthy system, these two branches are constantly making micro-adjustments, producing a dynamic, variable heart rate [3].

When HRV is high, your nervous system is nimble. It can ramp up quickly when you need energy and calm down quickly when the threat passes. When HRV is low, your system has lost this flexibility. It gets stuck in one gear, typically an overly activated sympathetic state. Low HRV is associated with chronic stress, anxiety, depression, cardiovascular disease, inflammation, and reduced recovery capacity [4].

How HRV Is Measured: RMSSD, SDNN and Frequency Bands

HRV is calculated from the time between consecutive heartbeats, called R-R intervals or inter-beat intervals. A chest strap or electrocardiogram (ECG) times each beat from its electrical signal, while rings and watches estimate it from pulse waves using photoplethysmography (PPG). The same stream of intervals can be summarized in several ways, which is why two devices can show different HRV numbers for the same night.

The Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and the North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology set out the standard metrics in 1996, and Shaffer and Ginsberg (2017) updated the guidance for modern short recordings [5] [3]. The table below lists the measures you are most likely to see.

For home tracking, RMSSD measured at the same time each day, ideally overnight or on waking, is the most practical number to follow. In a clinic, a biofeedback therapist watches the live heart rate waveform and LF power to confirm that your breathing pace is producing resonance.

Why HRV Matters for Health

The research connecting HRV to health outcomes is large and consistent. Low HRV shows up across heart disease, mood and anxiety disorders, inflammatory conditions and overtraining, as the sections below describe.

Cardiovascular Health

Low HRV is an independent predictor of cardiovascular events and mortality after heart attack. The autonomic imbalance reflected by low HRV (excessive sympathetic tone, insufficient vagal tone) promotes arrhythmias, hypertension, and atherosclerotic progression [5]. This is not a minor statistical association. The Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology formally recognized HRV as a clinical risk stratification tool in 1996, and subsequent research has only strengthened this position.

Mental Health

People with anxiety disorders, depression, and PTSD consistently show lower HRV than healthy controls [6]. The polyvagal theory, developed by Stephen Porges, proposes that vagal tone (reflected in HRV) is fundamental to emotional regulation and social engagement. When vagal tone is low, the nervous system remains biased toward threat detection, which manifests as anxiety, hypervigilance, and emotional reactivity. Polyvagal theory is still debated among physiologists, but the link between low HRV and anxiety does not depend on it: Chalmers and colleagues (2014) found reduced HRV across panic disorder, PTSD, generalized anxiety disorder and social anxiety disorder in their meta-analysis [6].

Inflammation

The vagus nerve has a direct anti-inflammatory role through what is called the “cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway.” Higher vagal tone (reflected in higher HRV) is associated with lower levels of inflammatory markers like C-reactive protein and interleukin-6 [7]. This connection helps explain why HRV training can influence conditions that involve systemic inflammation, including chronic pain syndromes.

Athletic Performance and Recovery

Athletes and sports scientists have embraced HRV monitoring because it provides an objective window into recovery status. Overtraining, inadequate sleep, and accumulated stress all reduce HRV. Monitoring morning HRV allows athletes to adjust training intensity based on their nervous system’s readiness, reducing the risk of overtraining and improving long-term performance [8].

How HRV Biofeedback Works: Resonance Frequency Breathing

The core mechanism of HRV biofeedback is deceptively simple. You breathe at a specific rate, and your HRV increases dramatically.

Here is why this works. When you inhale, your heart rate speeds up slightly (sympathetic activation). When you exhale, it slows down (parasympathetic activation via the vagus nerve). This is called respiratory sinus arrhythmia, and it is a normal, healthy phenomenon. The slower you breathe, the more pronounced this oscillation becomes, because each breath has more time to exert its influence on heart rate [9].

At one particular breathing rate, unique to each individual, the oscillation reaches its maximum amplitude. This is your resonance frequency. When you breathe at resonance frequency, the cardiovascular system enters a state where the natural oscillations of blood pressure regulation (called baroreflex oscillations) synchronize with your breathing rhythm. The result is large, coherent HRV waves that exercise and strengthen the baroreflex, the feedback loop that regulates blood pressure and autonomic balance [1].

Think of it like pushing a child on a swing. If you push at random intervals, the swing barely moves. If you push at exactly the right frequency, the swing arcs higher and higher with minimal effort. Resonance frequency breathing is pushing your cardiovascular “swing” at exactly the right tempo.

Why the target is about 0.1 Hz

Lehrer, Vaschillo and Vaschillo (2000) showed that biofeedback aimed at maximizing respiratory sinus arrhythmia increases heart rate oscillations most at approximately 0.1 Hz, one cycle every 10 seconds [10]. That frequency equals 6 breaths per minute, and it sits in the low frequency band where the baroreflex naturally oscillates. In data from 56 adults, Vaschillo, Vaschillo and Lehrer (2006) found that taller people and men tend to resonate at slightly slower rates, and that a person’s resonant frequency stayed constant across 10 training sessions [11]. That is why the protocol tests each person once rather than assigning one pace to everyone.

The Standard HRV Biofeedback Protocol

The most widely studied HRV biofeedback protocol was developed by Paul Lehrer and colleagues at Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, and their 2000 training manual is still the reference most clinicians follow. It typically unfolds as follows [10].

1. One assessment session finds your resonance frequency by testing several breathing paces.
2. Weekly in-office sessions, usually about 10 in total, teach you to breathe at that pace while watching live HRV feedback.
3. Daily home practice of about 20 minutes builds the skill between visits.
4. Later sessions move the skill into daily life, such as stressful moments, bedtime or pain flares.

Session 1: Finding Your Resonance Frequency

A heart rate sensor (usually an ear clip or finger sensor connected to a computer) monitors your heart rate in real time. The therapist has you breathe at several different rates: 6.5 breaths per minute, 6.0, 5.5, 5.0, and 4.5. At each rate, your HRV amplitude is measured. The rate that produces the highest HRV amplitude is your resonance frequency.

Most people land between 5.0 and 6.5 breaths per minute, though some fall outside this range. This assessment takes about 20 to 30 minutes and only needs to be done once.

Sessions 2 to 10: Practicing at Resonance Frequency

During subsequent sessions, you breathe at your identified resonance frequency while watching a real-time display of your HRV. The display typically shows a waveform, and your goal is to produce tall, smooth, regular waves. The therapist coaches you on breathing technique: relaxed abdominal breathing, equal or slightly extended exhalation, and minimal effort.

Over sessions, most people’s HRV amplitude at resonance frequency increases. The baroreflex gets stronger with practice, just as a muscle gets stronger with exercise. The therapist may also introduce techniques for using resonance frequency breathing in daily life: during stressful situations, before sleep, or during pain flares [11].

Home Practice

Daily home practice is a critical part of the protocol. Most programs prescribe 20 minutes of resonance frequency breathing per day, split into two 10-minute sessions if needed. Some practitioners provide a home HRV biofeedback device; others simply have patients use a pacing app (a visual or auditory cue that guides breathing at the prescribed rate) and practice without monitoring.

Clinical Evidence: What HRV Training Can Do

HRV biofeedback has a broader trial base than most biofeedback methods, but individual conditions are still covered by small numbers of studies. The 2020 systematic review and meta-analysis by Lehrer and colleagues in Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback screened 1,868 papers and included 58 randomized controlled studies. It found a small to moderate effect favoring HRV biofeedback, similar in size to other effective treatments, and described it as useful as a complementary treatment that still needs more research for specific uses [23].

Anxiety Disorders

HRV biofeedback has its strongest evidence base in stress and anxiety. A 2017 meta-analysis by Goessl, Curtiss and Hofmann at Boston University pooled 24 studies with 484 participants and found a large reduction in self-reported stress and anxiety, with a between-group effect size (Hedges’ g) of 0.83; the authors noted that more well-controlled studies are needed [12]. The mechanism appears to involve both direct autonomic rebalancing (increasing parasympathetic tone) and improved interoceptive awareness (learning to perceive and regulate internal physiological states).

For generalized anxiety disorder specifically, HRV biofeedback has shown promise as both a standalone intervention and an adjunct to cognitive behavioral therapy. Readers comparing options can see how it fits alongside therapy and medication in the anxiety treatment guide and in the companion post on biofeedback for anxiety.

PTSD

PTSD involves a persistent state of autonomic hyperarousal, with low HRV and excessive sympathetic activation. HRV biofeedback directly targets this physiology. In a pilot study at the Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center in Houston, Tan and colleagues (2011) found that veterans with combat-related PTSD had lower HRV than veterans without PTSD, and that those randomly assigned to HRV biofeedback plus treatment as usual showed higher HRV and fewer PTSD symptoms, while treatment as usual alone changed neither [13]. The authors called for a larger randomized trial, and the 2020 Lehrer meta-analysis found smaller effects for PTSD than for anxiety or depression [23].

The appeal for PTSD treatment is that HRV biofeedback does not require patients to revisit traumatic memories (as exposure-based therapies do), making it accessible to patients who are unable or unwilling to engage in traditional trauma-focused therapy. It can also serve as a preparatory intervention, stabilizing the autonomic nervous system before exposure therapy begins. Prolonged exposure and cognitive processing therapy remain the established first-line options, covered with newer approaches in the PTSD treatment guide.

Hypertension

Because HRV biofeedback strengthens the baroreflex (which regulates blood pressure), it has logical applications for hypertension. In a trial by Lin and colleagues (2012) at Sun Yat-sen University, 43 young adults with prehypertension were assigned to HRV biofeedback, slow abdominal breathing alone, or a control group. After 10 sessions over 5 weeks, the biofeedback group’s average blood pressure fell from 131.7/79.3 to 118.9/71.9 mmHg, baroreflex sensitivity roughly doubled, and the changes were larger than with slow breathing alone and still present at 3 months [14].

That is one small trial in young adults, so the size of the effect in older adults with established hypertension is less certain. HRV biofeedback is not a replacement for antihypertensive medication in people with significant hypertension, but it may be a useful adjunct, particularly for people with prehypertension, stage 1 hypertension or white coat hypertension.

Asthma

An interesting and well-supported application. Lehrer’s group randomized 94 adults with asthma to HRV biofeedback with or without pursed-lip breathing, placebo EEG biofeedback, or a waiting list. Both HRV biofeedback groups ended up prescribed less controller medication, by about one full level of asthma severity, and showed better pulmonary function on forced oscillation testing [15]. The proposed mechanism involves improved autonomic regulation of airway smooth muscle tone. This remains one of the cleaner demonstrations of HRV biofeedback producing measurable physiological changes beyond subjective symptom improvement, and the asthma treatment guide covers the standard medical care it was added to.

Athletic Performance and Recovery

The evidence here is still building. Kiviniemi and colleagues (2007) randomized moderately fit men to a fixed training plan or to training adjusted each morning by HRV: high intensity when HRV held steady, easy running or rest when it dropped. After 4 weeks, the HRV-guided group improved peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) and maximal running velocity, and its gain in running velocity was larger than the fixed-plan group’s [16].

HRV biofeedback training (not just monitoring) has also shown potential for improving pre-competition anxiety and enhancing recovery between training sessions, though the literature in this area consists primarily of smaller studies and case series.

Depression

Evidence suggests that HRV biofeedback can reduce depressive symptoms, particularly when combined with psychotherapy. In a randomized controlled study at Brigham Young University, Caldwell and Steffen (2018) found that adding HRV biofeedback to psychotherapy for major depressive disorder produced a larger rise in HRV and a larger drop in depressive symptoms over six weeks than psychotherapy alone, which did not change HRV [17]. The relationship between depression and low vagal tone is well established, providing a clear physiological rationale, and the depression treatment guide compares it with other options.

Chronic Pain, Fibromyalgia and Jaw Pain

Pain clinics use HRV biofeedback to lower the stress arousal that amplifies pain, often alongside surface EMG (muscle tension) biofeedback, physical therapy and pain psychology. The trial base for chronic pain and fibromyalgia is smaller and more mixed than for anxiety, so it is best treated as one part of a broader plan. The guide to biofeedback for chronic pain covers those studies, and jaw clenching linked to stress is discussed in the post on TMJ causes, bruxism and stress.

Wearable Devices for HRV Monitoring

Consumer wearables have made HRV tracking accessible to anyone willing to wear a device. Rings and watches estimate HRV from optical pulse readings, while chest straps time each beat from its electrical signal. Here is what the major types offer and how accurate they are.

Oura Ring

The Oura Ring measures HRV during sleep using photoplethysmography (optical sensors on the finger). It provides overnight HRV averages, HRV trends, and a “readiness score” that incorporates HRV along with sleep quality, body temperature, and resting heart rate. Finger-based optical HRV readings are generally more accurate than wrist-based readings due to stronger arterial pulsation in the fingers [18]. The Oura Ring is particularly good for tracking long-term HRV trends but does not provide real-time biofeedback during waking hours.

Garmin, Apple Watch, and WHOOP

Higher-end Garmin watches (Fenix, Forerunner 955/965, Venu series) track HRV overnight and provide a morning status contextualizing your HRV against your personal baseline. Garmin’s wrist-based optical HRV has been validated against chest strap references and performs reasonably well for trend tracking [19].

Apple Watch records HRV periodically throughout the day (displayed as SDNN). It is best for long-term trends rather than real-time training, though third-party apps like HRV4Training can use the Apple Watch sensor for structured sessions.

WHOOP measures HRV during the last slow-wave sleep cycle (when readings are most stable) and provides a recovery percentage incorporating HRV, resting heart rate, respiratory rate, and sleep performance. It is well-regarded among athletes and has been used in published research [20].

Chest Strap Heart Rate Monitors

For the most accurate readings during active biofeedback practice, a Bluetooth chest strap (such as the Polar H10) paired with a biofeedback app remains the gold standard. Chest straps detect electrical signals (similar to ECG) rather than optical pulses, providing more precise R-R interval data. Gilgen-Ammann, Schweizer and Wyss (2019) found that the R-R intervals from a chest strap matched an ECG Holter closely at rest and during exercise [19].

A Note on HRV Numbers

HRV varies enormously between individuals based on age, fitness, genetics, and measurement conditions. A 25-year-old athlete might have an overnight RMSSD (root mean square of successive differences, the most common HRV metric for wearables) of 80-120 ms, while a healthy 55-year-old might sit at 25-40 ms. Comparing your HRV to someone else’s is meaningless. What matters is your personal trend over weeks and months [21].

Are HRV wearables medical devices?

Most consumer rings and watches report HRV as a wellness metric, and the FDA treats low-risk products of that kind under its general wellness policy for low-risk devices rather than reviewing them as diagnostic tools. Clinical biofeedback systems used in a therapist’s office are regulated as medical devices. A wearable reading is a useful trend line, not a diagnosis, and a sudden sustained drop is a reason to talk to a physician rather than to change training alone.

Coherence Training: HeartMath and Related Approaches

HeartMath is a specific approach to HRV training that emphasizes “cardiac coherence,” a state where HRV, breathing, and blood pressure oscillations become synchronized into a smooth, sine-wave-like pattern. The HeartMath protocol combines slow breathing (typically around 5 to 6 breaths per minute) with positive emotion focus (recalling feelings of gratitude, appreciation, or compassion) [22].

Published research from the HeartMath Institute reports that coherence training reduces cortisol, increases DHEA, improves cognitive performance under stress, and reduces anxiety symptoms. Much of that research comes from the institute itself, so independent replication carries more weight. Their Inner Balance device provides a consumer-friendly way to practice with real-time feedback.

The main difference from the Lehrer resonance frequency protocol is the emotional focus. The Lehrer protocol is more purely physiological, while HeartMath adds an explicit emotional component. Both increase HRV and improve autonomic regulation, and no head-to-head trials show one to be superior for most applications.

HRV Biofeedback vs Neurofeedback, Slow Breathing and Vagus Nerve Stimulation

HRV biofeedback is one of several approaches that aim at the autonomic nervous system. It differs from the others in what is measured, what you control, and how much equipment it needs.

The live feedback is what separates HRV biofeedback from simple slow breathing. In the Lin trial, biofeedback lowered blood pressure more than slow abdominal breathing alone [14]. Neurofeedback trains the brain directly and is covered in the neurofeedback therapy guide and the post comparing biofeedback vs neurofeedback. Simple breathing and vagal exercises are covered in the post on vagus nerve exercises.

Practical Tips for Getting Started

A practical roadmap for beginning HRV training at home follows five steps.

1. Establish your baseline. Track HRV with a wearable for at least 2 weeks before starting any training. HRV fluctuates daily based on sleep, alcohol, exercise, and stress, so look at the trend rather than any single reading.

2. Find your resonance frequency. Work with a practitioner if possible. Otherwise, experiment with breathing rates between 4.5 and 7 breaths per minute using a pacer app. For most people, 6 breaths per minute (5-second inhale, 5-second exhale) is a good starting point.

3. Practice 10 to 20 minutes daily. Morning practice sets autonomic tone for the day, but consistency matters more than timing. Use a pacer app or biofeedback device. Breathe gently through the nose into the belly, and stop if you feel lightheaded, which usually means you are breathing too deeply.

4. Track your progress. Over 4 to 8 weeks of consistent practice, many people see an upward trend in baseline HRV along with better sleep, reduced anxiety, and faster stress recovery. Individual results vary, and a flat trend is not a sign that the practice is useless.

5. Integrate into daily life. The real payoff comes when resonance frequency breathing becomes a tool you reach for throughout the day: before a stressful meeting, during a pain flare, before sleep.

How to Find an HRV Biofeedback Provider

HRV biofeedback is taught by psychologists, licensed counselors and clinical social workers, physical therapists, nurses and some physicians who have trained in applied psychophysiology. The Biofeedback Certification International Alliance (BCIA) certifies biofeedback practitioners, and the Association for Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback (AAPB) is the main professional society in the field. Asking about certification and how many HRV clients a provider has trained is a reasonable first question.

You can browse biofeedback therapy clinics across the US by state and city. Listing order on Regenerated.com is not paid ranking, Featured slots are labeled and capped, Verified means the clinic completed credential checks rather than paid for placement, and the directory is free for patients. Inclusion is not an endorsement, so the guide to Featured, Verified and organic listings is worth reading before you choose. For what a typical course involves across biofeedback types, see the biofeedback therapy treatment guide.

Questions to ask before you book

• Does the provider measure your resonance frequency, or use one pace for everyone?
• How many in-office sessions do they plan, and what home practice do they assign?
• Do they use a chest strap or ear and finger sensors, and can you practice with your own device at home?
• Will they coordinate with your physician or therapist if you have heart, lung or mental health conditions?

Does Insurance Cover HRV Biofeedback?

Coverage for HRV biofeedback varies by insurer, plan and diagnosis. Some plans pay for biofeedback when it is part of treatment for a documented condition, such as an anxiety disorder, headache or urinary incontinence, and delivered by a licensed clinician, while many people pay cash for sessions. Coverage for anxiety, PTSD and blood pressure uses is less consistent, so asking your insurer about biofeedback benefits and prior authorization before you start avoids surprises.

Prices are set by each practice and differ by region and provider type, so ask for the per-session fee and the planned number of sessions up front. Home practice with a pacer app costs little, while a chest strap or a dedicated biofeedback device is a one-time purchase.

Who Should Be Cautious

HRV biofeedback is low risk for most people, but a few populations should approach it with awareness:

• People with panic disorder: Slow breathing and heightened body awareness can sometimes trigger panic attacks in people prone to them. Working with a therapist who can manage this possibility is recommended.
• People with cardiac arrhythmias: Certain arrhythmias can produce misleading HRV readings. If you have a diagnosed arrhythmia, consult your cardiologist before using HRV as a health metric or training target.
• People with severe respiratory conditions: Slow breathing rates may be difficult or uncomfortable for people with significant lung disease. The breathing rate can usually be adjusted to accommodate, but professional guidance is advisable.
• People taking blood pressure or heart rate medication: Beta blockers and some other drugs change heart rate and HRV readings, and lower blood pressure from training can add to medication effects. Tell your prescriber before you start.

The Bottom Line

HRV training is one of the most evidence-backed biofeedback modalities available. It targets a fundamental aspect of health (autonomic nervous system regulation) that influences stress, pain, mood, cardiovascular function, inflammation, and recovery. The technology is accessible, the practice is straightforward, and the investment in time is modest: 10 to 20 minutes of daily breathing.

What makes HRV training particularly appealing is that it gives you an objective, trackable metric for something that usually feels invisible. You can watch your HRV trend upward over weeks and months and see that your nervous system is responding. The evidence is strongest for stress and anxiety and still thin for several other uses, but that combination of supported benefit and visible progress is hard to find in health interventions.

Frequently asked questions

What is HRV training?

HRV training, or heart rate variability biofeedback, is a method in which you breathe slowly at your personal resonance frequency, usually 4.5 to 6.5 breaths per minute, while a sensor shows your heart rhythm in real time. Breathing at that pace produces large, regular swings in heart rate that exercise the baroreflex and vagal control. The standard protocol developed by Paul Lehrer and colleagues uses about 10 sessions plus daily home practice of around 20 minutes.

Does HRV biofeedback actually work?

HRV biofeedback is supported by randomized trials for several uses. A 2020 meta-analysis of 58 controlled studies led by Paul Lehrer found a small to moderate overall benefit, with the largest effects for anxiety, depression, anger and athletic performance, and smaller effects for PTSD and sleep. A 2017 meta-analysis by Goessl and colleagues found a large reduction in self-reported stress and anxiety. Many individual uses still rest on small studies, so results vary between people.

How long does it take to raise HRV with breathing?

HRV rises within minutes while you breathe at resonance frequency, because each slow breath produces a larger heart rate swing. Changes in resting HRV take longer. The standard protocol runs about 10 weekly sessions with daily practice, and many people notice a trend on their wearable after 4 to 8 weeks of consistent practice. In the Lin trial of prehypertension, gains in HRV and blood pressure were still present 3 months after the 5-week program ended.

What is a good HRV score?

A good HRV score is one that is stable or rising compared with your own baseline, because HRV depends heavily on age, fitness, genetics and the device used. A young endurance athlete may show an overnight RMSSD of 80 to 120 ms, while a healthy 55-year-old may sit at 25 to 40 ms. Comparing your number with someone else’s says little, so track the weekly average from the same device at the same time of day.

Can I do HRV biofeedback at home without a therapist?

Many people practice HRV biofeedback at home with a breathing pacer app and a chest strap or wearable, starting at about 6 breaths per minute. Working with a trained biofeedback clinician for the first sessions helps you find your exact resonance frequency and correct breathing that is too deep or effortful. People with panic disorder, heart rhythm problems, significant lung disease or blood pressure medication should involve their clinician before starting home practice.

Who provides HRV biofeedback therapy?

HRV biofeedback is provided by psychologists, licensed counselors, physical therapists, nurses and some physicians trained in applied psychophysiology, often in mental health, pain and integrative medicine practices. The Biofeedback Certification International Alliance certifies practitioners, and asking about that certification is a sensible screen. Regenerated.com lists biofeedback clinics by state and city for free, and inclusion in the directory is not an endorsement of any provider.

Related Reading

• Biofeedback Therapy: Complete Guide
• Biofeedback for Chronic Pain
• TMJ and Neck Pain: The Jaw-Neck Connection
• TMJ Causes: Bruxism, Stress, and More

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