Supplements for Brain Fog: What Actually Works (and What Doesn’t)

The supplements for brain fog with the strongest evidence are omega-3s (DHA and EPA), magnesium, vitamin D and vitamin B12, and they help most when a blood test shows you are low in them. Lion’s mane, NAC, curcumin and alpha-GPC have moderate evidence, methylene blue, NADH and phosphatidylserine are still early-stage, and ginkgo biloba showed no cognitive benefit in the GEM study of more than 3,000 older adults (DeKosky and colleagues, JAMA, 2008).

Brain fog is not a diagnosis. It is a cluster of symptoms: slow thinking, poor focus, word-finding trouble and short-term memory lapses. The supplement that helps depends on what is causing it, which is why the sections below start with testing and end with how to tell when a supplement is the wrong tool.

Which supplements help brain fog the most?

The supplements that help brain fog the most are the ones that correct a measured deficiency: omega-3s, magnesium, vitamin D and vitamin B12. Their effect is largest in people who start out low, according to the meta-analysis of DHA and adult memory by Yurko-Mauro and colleagues (2015). The table below lists every supplement covered in the tiers, with the dose and timeline each section gives.

Doses in the table come from the studies and sections cited below, not from a personal prescription. A clinician who has your lab results and medication list can tell you which rows apply to you.

Before You Buy Anything: Test First

Here’s why testing matters: if your brain fog is caused by iron deficiency, no amount of lion’s mane or alpha-GPC will clear it. If your thyroid is underperforming, omega-3s won’t compensate. Supplements work best when they address a documented gap, and they underperform when they’re thrown at a problem they can’t solve.

The most useful baseline tests before starting any cognitive supplement protocol include:

• Omega-3 index (should be 8% or higher)
• Serum B12 and methylmalonic acid (serum B12 above 500 pg/mL; MMA below 0.4 umol/L)
• 25-OH vitamin D (optimal: 50-70 ng/mL)
• RBC magnesium (serum magnesium misses most deficiency; RBC is more accurate)
• Ferritin (optimal: 50-100 ng/mL for brain function)
• Complete thyroid panel (TSH, free T3, free T4, reverse T3, antibodies)
• hs-CRP (systemic inflammation marker; optimal below 1.0 mg/L)

With those results in hand, you can make targeted decisions rather than guessing.

Who orders these tests?

A primary care physician can order most of this panel, and ferritin, B12, vitamin D and TSH are routine labs. The omega-3 index, RBC magnesium and a full thyroid panel with reverse T3 are more often ordered by functional medicine physicians, integrative physicians or naturopathic doctors, and they are frequently cash pay. If your standard results come back normal and you still feel unwell, the post on normal blood work when you still feel sick covers the next questions to ask.

What causes brain fog, and how do you match a supplement to the cause?

Brain fog has several common drivers, and each points to a different test and a different supplement. Matching the supplement to the mechanism is the core idea of this whole page. The table pairs each driver with the tests and supplements discussed in the tiers below.

Sleep apnea, depression, medication side effects, hormonal shifts and hypoglycemia also cause brain fog, and none of them respond to supplements alone. The full list of drivers, with how each is tested, is in the guide to brain fog causes.

Tier 1: Strong Evidence

Omega-3 Fatty Acids (DHA and EPA)

DHA (docosahexaenoic acid) accounts for approximately 40% of the polyunsaturated fatty acids in the brain. It’s a structural component of neuronal membranes, and adequate levels are required for synaptic transmission, receptor function, and the resolution of neuroinflammation [1].

EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid) has potent anti-inflammatory effects that reduce neuroinflammation contributing to many cases of brain fog. A 2013 RCT found that DHA supplementation improved memory and reaction time in healthy young adults [2], and meta-analyses confirm these benefits are strongest in people with low baseline omega-3 status [3].

Dose: 2-4g combined EPA/DHA daily. Choose a triglyceride-form fish oil or algal oil for better absorption. A higher EPA ratio is better for inflammation-driven brain fog; a higher DHA ratio supports structural brain health.

What to expect: Improvements typically take 6-12 weeks as fatty acid profiles shift. This is not a quick fix; it’s a foundational correction.

Magnesium

Magnesium participates in over 600 enzymatic reactions, including neurotransmitter release and NMDA receptor modulation critical for learning and memory. Subclinical deficiency affects an estimated 50-80% of Americans [4].

A 2010 study in Neuron showed that magnesium threonate enhances synaptic density and plasticity in the hippocampus [5], and human trials confirmed improvements in short-term memory and executive function in older adults [6].

Dose: 1-2g magnesium threonate daily (providing 144-288mg elemental magnesium) for cognitive benefits. Magnesium glycinate (400-600mg elemental) is a good alternative for general deficiency correction and sleep support.

Safety note: The NIH Office of Dietary Supplements magnesium fact sheet sets the adult upper limit for magnesium from supplements at 350mg a day, mainly because higher amounts cause diarrhea and cramping. Doses above that are a deficiency-correction plan to agree with a clinician, and people with kidney disease should not take magnesium without medical advice.

What to expect: Sleep improvements often come within the first week. Cognitive benefits from threonate typically emerge over 4-8 weeks.

Vitamin D

Vitamin D functions as a neurosteroid in the brain, regulating neurotransmitter production, supporting neurotrophic factors, and modulating neuroinflammation. Deficiency (below 30 ng/mL) is associated with impaired cognitive performance [7], and a meta-analysis of over 37,000 participants found a 2.4-fold increased risk of cognitive impairment with low vitamin D levels [8].

Dose: 2,000-5,000 IU daily for most adults, adjusted based on blood levels. Always pair with vitamin K2 (MK-7, 100-200 mcg) to support proper calcium metabolism. Retest after 3 months.

Safety note: The NIH Office of Dietary Supplements vitamin D fact sheet puts the tolerable upper intake level for adults at 4,000 IU a day. Doses above that are used to correct a documented deficiency, so they belong under a clinician’s supervision with a repeat 25-OH vitamin D test, because too much vitamin D raises blood calcium.

What to expect: If you’re significantly deficient (below 20 ng/mL), you may notice improved clarity and energy within 4-6 weeks of reaching adequate levels.

Vitamin B12

B12 is required for myelin synthesis and for methylation reactions that produce serotonin and dopamine. Deficiency causes progressive cognitive decline that mimics early dementia but is often reversible when repletion starts early, before nerve damage becomes long-standing. Up to 40% of the population may have suboptimal levels, with increased risk from vegetarian diets, PPI use, metformin, and age over 50 [9].

Dose: Methylcobalamin or hydroxocobalamin, 1,000-5,000 mcg daily for repletion. Sublingual forms bypass potential GI absorption issues. Some patients with severe depletion or absorption problems benefit from B12 injections.

What to expect: If deficient, cognitive improvements can be noticeable within 2-4 weeks of starting supplementation. Full repletion of body stores takes 3-6 months.

Tier 2: Moderate Evidence

Lion’s Mane Mushroom (Hericium erinaceus)

Lion’s mane contains two unique classes of compounds, hericenones and erinacines, that stimulate nerve growth factor (NGF) production. NGF is essential for the growth, maintenance, and survival of neurons, and declining NGF levels are implicated in age-related cognitive decline [10].

A 2009 double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in Japanese adults with mild cognitive impairment found that 3g daily of lion’s mane extract significantly improved cognitive function scores over 16 weeks. The benefits faded after supplementation was discontinued, suggesting ongoing use is needed [11].

More recent research has explored lion’s mane for depression and anxiety, with a 2023 trial showing improvements in speed of processing, working memory, and mood [12].

Dose: 500-3,000mg daily of a dual-extracted (hot water + ethanol) product that contains both fruiting body and mycelium. Standardization for hericenone/erinacine content is ideal but not yet industry-standard.

What to expect: Most people notice subtle improvements in mental clarity and focus after 4-8 weeks. Effects are modest compared to correcting a nutrient deficiency but meaningful for many users.

N-Acetyl Cysteine (NAC)

NAC is the precursor to glutathione, the body’s primary intracellular antioxidant. The brain is particularly vulnerable to oxidative stress, and glutathione depletion is documented in multiple neurological conditions [13]. NAC also modulates glutamate signaling, reducing excitotoxicity. Clinical trials show cognitive benefits, with the most consistent improvements in processing speed and executive function [14].

For brain fog specifically, NAC is most useful when oxidative stress or toxin exposure (mold, heavy metals, alcohol) is a contributing factor.

Dose: 600-1,800mg daily, taken in divided doses. Best taken on an empty stomach. Pair with a small amount of vitamin C and selenium to support glutathione recycling.

What to expect: Effects depend heavily on whether oxidative stress is driving your symptoms. People with toxin-related or post-inflammatory brain fog often report noticeable improvements within 2-4 weeks.

Curcumin

Curcumin, the primary bioactive compound in turmeric, crosses the blood-brain barrier and reduces neuroinflammation, inhibits amyloid plaque formation, and increases BDNF [15]. A 2018 RCT found that bioavailable curcumin (Theracurmin, 180mg daily) improved memory and attention over 18 months, with PET scans showing less amyloid and tau signal in brain regions tied to mood and memory [16].

Dose: 500-1,000mg daily of a bioavailability-enhanced formulation. Standard curcumin has less than 1% absorption. Look for formulations using phospholipid complexes (Meriva), nanoparticle technology (Theracurmin), or piperine (though piperine interferes with some medications).

What to expect: Anti-inflammatory benefits build over 4-8 weeks. Best results are seen in people whose brain fog has an inflammatory component (elevated hs-CRP, post-viral fatigue, autoimmune conditions).

Alpha-GPC (Alpha-Glycerylphosphorylcholine)

Alpha-GPC is the most bioavailable choline source for the brain, serving as a precursor to acetylcholine, the neurotransmitter most directly tied to attention and memory formation. A systematic review of 21 studies concluded that alpha-GPC had consistent positive effects on cognitive function in both healthy individuals and those with dementia [17].

Dose: 300-1,200mg daily. Start with 300mg and assess response before increasing. Some individuals experience headaches or jaw tension at higher doses, which is a sign the dose is too high for them.

Safety note: A 2021 South Korean cohort study published in JAMA Network Open linked long-term alpha-GPC use with a higher risk of stroke. An observational study shows an association rather than a cause, but it is a good reason to keep the dose modest and to ask a clinician first if you have high blood pressure, atrial fibrillation or other cardiovascular risk factors.

What to expect: Alpha-GPC tends to work relatively quickly. Many people notice improved focus and mental clarity within 1-2 weeks.

Tier 3: Limited/Emerging Evidence

Methylene Blue

At low doses (0.5-4mg/kg), methylene blue enhances mitochondrial electron transport and acts as an alternative electron carrier, bypassing damaged components of the electron transport chain [18]. A small human trial found that a single low dose increased fMRI response during sustained attention and memory tasks [19].

Human trials are few and small. This is worth considering for people who have already optimized the basics and suspect mitochondrial dysfunction, but it’s not a first-line supplement.

Dose: 0.5-1mg/kg daily, pharmaceutical grade only. USP-grade methylene blue is critical; industrial grades contain heavy metal contaminants. Contraindicated with SSRIs and MAOIs due to serotonin syndrome risk. People with G6PD deficiency should avoid it because it can trigger hemolysis, the breakdown of red blood cells. The methylene blue treatment guide covers how clinicians use it in practice.

What to expect: Users report improved mental stamina and clarity, often within days. Long-term data in healthy humans is sparse.

NADH (Reduced Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide)

NADH is the reduced form of NAD+, essential for mitochondrial energy production. A small randomized trial found that 20mg daily improved cognitive function and reduced fatigue in CFS patients over 12 weeks [20]. Larger confirmatory trials are limited, and oral NADH has bioavailability challenges, so sublingual or enteric-coated formulations are preferred.

Dose: 10-20mg daily, sublingual or enteric-coated, taken on an empty stomach. Store away from heat and light, as NADH is unstable.

What to expect: Energy and mental clarity improvements within 2-4 weeks if mitochondrial dysfunction is contributing to symptoms. Minimal benefit if it’s not.

Phosphatidylserine

Phosphatidylserine (PS) makes up about 15% of the brain’s phospholipid pool, supporting cell signaling and neurotransmitter release. PS levels decline with age [21]. Human trials show that 100-300mg daily improves memory and processing speed in older adults with cognitive decline [22].

Dose: 100-300mg daily. Soy-derived and sunflower-derived PS are the most common commercial forms. Take with food for better absorption.

What to expect: Gradual improvements in memory and word recall over 6-12 weeks, primarily documented in older adults with age-related decline.

What to Avoid

Not every supplement marketed for brain fog deserves your money or attention:

• Proprietary blends that hide doses: If a product lists 15 ingredients in a “cognitive blend” without disclosing amounts, most are present below therapeutic doses.
• Racetams and unregulated nootropics: Limited clinical evidence and unclear long-term safety profiles.
• High-dose caffeine pills: Caffeine temporarily improves alertness but tolerance develops quickly, and dependence worsens cognitive function when intake is missed.
• Ginkgo biloba: The GEM study (3,000+ participants) found no significant cognitive benefit from ginkgo supplementation in older adults [23].

Are brain fog supplements regulated, and how do you choose a quality product?

Dietary supplements are not approved by the FDA before they are sold. Under the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994 (DSHEA), the manufacturer is responsible for safety and labeling, and the FDA’s questions and answers on dietary supplements explain that the agency acts mainly after a product is on the market. A label claim that a product “supports focus” has not been reviewed for evidence.

Three checks make a product more trustworthy. Look for a seal from an independent third-party testing program, a label that lists the exact dose of every ingredient, and the specific form used in the research, such as magnesium threonate, triglyceride-form fish oil or a bioavailable curcumin. Products sold as cognitive “stacks” rarely meet all three.

Can brain fog supplements interact with medications?

Several of the supplements on this page interact with common prescriptions, and the interactions are the main safety issue with this category. The list below collects the cautions stated in each section, plus the well documented ones a pharmacist will check for.

• Methylene blue with SSRIs, SNRIs or MAOIs can cause serotonin syndrome, and it is unsafe in G6PD deficiency.
• Curcumin with piperine changes how the liver processes some drugs, and curcumin may add to the effect of blood thinners.
• High-dose omega-3s can add to the effect of anticoagulants and antiplatelet drugs such as warfarin or clopidogrel.
• Vitamin D above the upper limit raises blood calcium, which matters for people on thiazide diuretics or with kidney stones.
• Magnesium binds some antibiotics and thyroid medication, so doses are usually spaced a few hours apart.
• Alpha-GPC deserves caution in people with cardiovascular risk factors, given the stroke association described above.

Bring the bottles, not just the names, to a pharmacist or prescriber. The dose and form on the label decide whether an interaction is relevant.

Stacking Considerations

If you’re going to use multiple supplements, approach it systematically rather than throwing everything at the problem at once:

Step 1: Correct deficiencies first. Low B12, low vitamin D, or poor omega-3 status should be addressed before anything else. Give 6-8 weeks before adding other supplements.

Step 2: Add one at a time. Wait 2-4 weeks between additions so you can identify what helps and what doesn’t.

Step 3: Match supplement to mechanism. Inflammation-driven fog: prioritize omega-3s, curcumin, NAC. Focus/memory issues: consider alpha-GPC. Mitochondrial dysfunction: look at NADH and magnesium threonate.

Step 4: Reassess after 3 months. Retest labs and decide what stays. Supplements should earn their place based on measurable results, not habit.

Which supplements help brain fog from long COVID, menopause or fibromyalgia?

The same tiers apply when brain fog comes with a diagnosed condition, but the likely driver shifts, so the first supplement to consider shifts too. Evidence for any supplement in these specific groups is limited, and most studies are small.

Long COVID brain fog

Brain fog after COVID-19 is linked with inflammation and fatigue, which is why omega-3s, NAC and curcumin are the supplements most often discussed. Trials specific to long COVID are still small, and clinicians usually rule out sleep disorders, low iron and dysautonomia first. The post on long COVID brain fog covers the symptom in more depth.

Menopause and perimenopause brain fog

Falling estrogen during menopause affects memory and word recall, and supplements do not replace that hormonal change. Vitamin D, magnesium for sleep and omega-3s are reasonable to test for, while hormone therapy (HRT) is a separate medical decision. The post on menopause brain fog compares those options.

Fibromyalgia and chronic fatigue syndrome

People with fibromyalgia often describe “fibro fog”, and people with chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) describe a similar cognitive slowing. The NADH trial by Forsyth and colleagues (1999) was run in CFS patients, which makes NADH and magnesium the most studied options here, though the evidence is still thin.

Mold exposure and toxin-related fog

When brain fog follows toxic mold exposure, NAC is the supplement with the clearest rationale because it supports glutathione. Removing the exposure matters more than any supplement, and testing for mold illness is still debated among clinicians.

When supplements are not enough: clinic-based options for brain fog

When tested deficiencies are corrected and brain fog persists, some people look at clinic-based treatments. These are mostly cash pay, the evidence for brain fog specifically is thin, and several are used off label. They are worth understanding as next questions for a clinician, not as replacements for a diagnosis.

• NAD+ IV therapy delivers nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, the oxidized partner of the NADH covered in Tier 3, by infusion. The NAD+ IV therapy treatment guide explains what is and is not known, and the post on NAD for brain fog looks at the cognitive claims.
• IV vitamin therapy gives B12, magnesium and other nutrients by drip or injection, which mainly matters when absorption is the problem. See the IV vitamin therapy guide.
• Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) has been studied for post-COVID cognitive symptoms in small trials. The hyperbaric oxygen therapy guide covers FDA-cleared indications and off-label use.
• Neurofeedback trains brainwave patterns and is used for attention and focus complaints. The neurofeedback therapy guide explains how sessions work.

You can compare providers on the national directory of NAD+ IV therapy clinics, or browse clinics offering IV therapy by state and city. Listing order on Regenerated.com is not paid ranking, Featured slots are labeled and capped, and Verified means a clinic passed credential checks, not that it paid more. The directory is free for patients, and being listed is not an endorsement. The guide to Featured, Verified and organic listings explains each label.

A Realistic Perspective

Supplements can be a valuable part of a brain fog recovery strategy, but they’re rarely the complete solution. If you’ve been buying brain fog supplements for months without meaningful improvement, the problem isn’t that you haven’t found the right supplement. You likely haven’t identified the right cause.

The supplements with the strongest evidence for brain fog remain omega-3s, magnesium, vitamin D and vitamin B12, chosen after testing. For the non-supplement side of recovery, including sleep, exercise and diet, see the practical steps on how to get rid of brain fog.

Frequently asked questions

What is the best supplement for brain fog?

No single supplement fits everyone, because brain fog has different causes. Omega-3s, magnesium, vitamin D and vitamin B12 have the strongest evidence, and they help most when a blood test shows you are low. If testing shows no deficiency, lion’s mane, NAC, curcumin or alpha-GPC have moderate support for specific causes. Matching the supplement to the cause, such as NAC for toxin-related fog, works better than a general cognitive blend.

How long do brain fog supplements take to work?

Most brain fog supplements take two to twelve weeks to show an effect. Alpha-GPC often works within one to two weeks, B12 within two to four weeks when you are deficient, and magnesium can improve sleep within the first week. Omega-3s need six to twelve weeks because fatty acid levels in cell membranes shift slowly. If nothing changes after about three months, retest and reconsider the cause.

Can low vitamin B12 or vitamin D cause brain fog?

Yes, both deficiencies are linked with brain fog and poorer cognitive performance. Vitamin B12 deficiency slows thinking and can mimic early dementia, and it is more common with vegetarian diets, metformin, acid-reducing PPIs and age over 50. Low vitamin D, below 30 ng/mL, is associated with impaired cognition in the meta-analysis by Balion and colleagues (2012). A simple blood test checks both, which makes them the first things to rule out.

Is lion’s mane good for brain fog?

Lion’s mane has moderate evidence for mild cognitive benefits. A 2009 placebo-controlled trial by Mori and colleagues found improved cognitive scores in older adults with mild cognitive impairment taking 3g daily for 16 weeks, and the benefit faded after they stopped. Effects are modest compared with correcting a real deficiency, so lion’s mane makes most sense once your labs are normal and the basics are in place.

Are brain fog supplements safe to take together?

Many can be combined, but stacking several at once makes it impossible to tell what helps and raises the chance of an interaction. Methylene blue must not be combined with SSRIs or MAOIs, and curcumin and high-dose omega-3s can add to blood thinners. A safer approach is to correct deficiencies first, then add one supplement at a time with two to four weeks between additions, and review the list with a pharmacist.

When should I see a doctor about brain fog instead of trying supplements?

See a doctor before relying on supplements if brain fog is new, getting worse, or comes with headaches, weakness, numbness, vision changes or confusion. Those signs need medical evaluation, not a supplement trial. A clinician can also order the baseline labs, such as B12, vitamin D, ferritin and a thyroid panel, and can screen for sleep apnea, depression and medication side effects, which supplements will not fix.

Sources

1. Bazinet RP, Layé S. Polyunsaturated fatty acids and their metabolites in brain function and disease. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2014;15(12):771-785. doi:10.1038/nrn3820. PMID: 25387473 ↩
2. Stonehouse W, Conlon CA, Podd J, et al. DHA supplementation improved both memory and reaction time in healthy young adults: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2013;97(5):1134-1143. doi:10.3945/ajcn.112.053371. PMID: 23515006 ↩
3. Yurko-Mauro K, Alexander DD, Van Elswyk ME. Docosahexaenoic acid and adult memory: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2015;10(3):e0120391. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0120391. PMID: 25786262 ↩
4. Kirkland AE, Sarlo GL, Holton KF. The role of magnesium in neurological disorders. Nutrients. 2018;10(6):730. doi:10.3390/nu10060730. PMID: 29882776 ↩
5. Slutsky I, Abumaria N, Wu LJ, et al. Enhancement of learning and memory by elevating brain magnesium. Neuron. 2010;65(2):165-177. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2009.12.026. PMID: 20152124 ↩
6. Liu G, Weinger JG, Lu ZL, Xue F, Sadeghpour S. Efficacy and safety of MMFS-01, a synapse density enhancer, for treating cognitive impairment in older adults: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Alzheimers Dis. 2016;49(4):971-990. doi:10.3233/JAD-150538. PMID: 26519439 ↩
7. Balion C, Griffith LE, Strifler L, et al. Vitamin D, cognition, and dementia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurology. 2012;79(13):1397-1405. doi:10.1212/WNL.0b013e31826c197f. PMID: 23008220 ↩
8. Etgen T, Sander D, Bickel H, Sander K, Förstl H. Vitamin D deficiency, cognitive impairment and dementia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 2012;33(2-3):76-90. doi:10.1159/000336757. PMID: 22343825 ↩
9. Langan RC, Goodbred AJ. Vitamin B12 deficiency: recognition and management. Am Fam Physician. 2017;96(6):384-389. PMID: 28925645 ↩
10. Mori K, Obara Y, Hirota M, et al. Nerve growth factor-inducing activity of Hericium erinaceus in 1321N1 human astrocytoma cells. Biol Pharm Bull. 2008;31(9):1727-1732. doi:10.1248/bpb.31.1727. PMID: 18758067 ↩
11. Mori K, Inatomi S, Ouchi K, Azumi Y, Tuchida T. Improving effects of the mushroom Yamabushitake (Hericium erinaceus) on mild cognitive impairment: a double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial. Phytother Res. 2009;23(3):367-372. doi:10.1002/ptr.2634. PMID: 18844328 ↩
12. Docherty S, Doughty FL, Smith EF. The acute and chronic effects of lion’s mane mushroom supplementation on cognitive function, stress and mood in young adults: a double-blind, parallel groups, pilot study. Nutrients. 2023;15(22):4842. doi:10.3390/nu15224842. PMID: 37960366 ↩
13. Berk M, Malhi GS, Gray LJ, Dean OM. The promise of N-acetylcysteine in neuropsychiatry. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2013;34(3):167-177. doi:10.1016/j.tips.2013.01.001. PMID: 23369637 ↩
14. Deepmala, Slattery J, Kumar N, et al. Clinical trials of N-acetylcysteine in psychiatry and neurology: a systematic review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2015;55:294-321. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.04.015. PMID: 25957927 ↩
15. Cole GM, Teter B, Frautschy SA. Neuroprotective effects of curcumin. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2007;595:197-212. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-46401-5_8. PMID: 17569212 ↩
16. Small GW, Siddarth P, Li Z, et al. Memory and brain amyloid and tau effects of a bioavailable form of curcumin in non-demented adults: a double-blind, placebo-controlled 18-month trial. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2018;26(3):266-277. doi:10.1016/j.jagp.2017.10.010. PMID: 29246725 ↩
17. Traini E, Bramanti V, Amenta F. Choline alphoscerate (alpha-glyceryl-phosphoryl-choline) an old choline-containing phospholipid with a still interesting profile as cognition enhancing agent. Curr Alzheimer Res. 2013;10(10):1070-1079. doi:10.2174/15672050113106660173. PMID: 24156263 ↩
18. Rojas JC, Bruchey AK, Gonzalez-Lima F. Neurometabolic mechanisms for memory enhancement and neuroprotection of methylene blue. Prog Neurobiol. 2012;96(1):32-45. doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2011.10.007. PMID: 22067440 ↩
19. Rodriguez P, Zhou W, Barrett DW, et al. Multimodal randomized functional MR imaging of the effects of methylene blue in the human brain. Radiology. 2016;281(2):516-526. doi:10.1148/radiol.2016152893. PMID: 27243371 ↩
20. Forsyth LM, Preuss HG, MacDowell AL, Chiazze L Jr, Birkmayer GD, Bellanti JA. Therapeutic effects of oral NADH on the symptoms of patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 1999;82(2):185-191. doi:10.1016/S1081-1206(10)62595-1. PMID: 10071523 ↩
21. Glade MJ, Smith K. Phosphatidylserine and the human brain. Nutrition. 2015;31(6):781-786. doi:10.1016/j.nut.2014.10.014. PMID: 25933483 ↩
22. Kato-Kataoka A, Sakai M, Ebina R, Nonaka C, Asano T, Miyamori T. Soybean-derived phosphatidylserine improves memory function of the elderly Japanese subjects with memory complaints. J Clin Biochem Nutr. 2010;47(3):246-255. doi:10.3164/jcbn.10-62. PMID: 21103034 ↩
23. DeKosky ST, Williamson JD, Fitzpatrick AL, et al. Ginkgo biloba for prevention of dementia: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2008;300(19):2253-2262. doi:10.1001/jama.2008.683. PMID: 19017911 ↩

Related Reading

• Brain Fog: Causes, Testing, and Evidence-Based Ways to Clear It
• Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy: Benefits, Evidence, and What to Expect
• NAD Injections: How They Work, Benefits, Side Effects, and What to Expect