BPC-157 Benefits: Evidence, Dosage and 2026 Legal Status

Medically reviewed by Regenerated.com Team · Updated March 2026 · 16 min read

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BPC-157 (Body Protection Compound-157) is a synthetic 15-amino-acid peptide whose reported benefits for gut healing, tendon and ligament repair and inflammation rest mainly on animal research led by Predrag Sikirić's group at the University of Zagreb. Human evidence is limited to three small uncontrolled studies with 30 participants in total, which a 2026 systematic review by Poolton and colleagues in Acta Orthopaedica Belgica rated as very low certainty.

Key Takeaways

BPC-157 is a 15-amino-acid fragment of a protein found in human gastric juice, and it stays stable in stomach acid, which is why both oral and injectable forms are used.
Hundreds of animal studies, most from the University of Zagreb, report faster healing of the gut lining, tendons, ligaments, muscle and nerves, largely through new blood vessel growth and nitric oxide signaling.
The human record is three small studies: knee pain in 16 patients (2021), interstitial cystitis in 12 women (2024) and an intravenous safety pilot in 2 adults (2025), none with a placebo group.
BPC-157 is not FDA approved for any condition. The FDA held it in Category 2 from September 2023 until April 2026, and an HHS interim policy published October 30, 2026 now allows limited 503A compounding under strict conditions.
The World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) has listed BPC-157 as a prohibited S0 substance since 2022, so tested athletes cannot use it.
Practitioner protocols commonly use 250 to 500 mcg once or twice daily in 4-week cycles, but no human trial has established a dose, a cycle length or long-term safety.

📋 At a Glance

What it is: A synthetic 15-amino-acid peptide derived from a protein found naturally in human gastric juice
Evidence level: Extensive preclinical (animal) data; only 3 small human studies published as of 2026, all from the same clinical research group
Primary uses: Gut healing, tendon/ligament repair, neuroprotection, anti-inflammatory support
Forms: Oral (capsule/liquid) for GI applications; subcutaneous injection for musculoskeletal/systemic
Typical dose: 250-500 mcg, 1-2x daily
Legal status: Not FDA-approved; FDA Category 2 bulk drug substance from September 2023 to April 2026; limited 503A compounding under an HHS interim policy since October 30, 2026; still sold as a research chemical; WADA-banned in sport

If you spend any time in functional medicine, biohacking, or sports recovery circles, you have probably heard of BPC-157. It has been called the “Wolverine peptide” for its apparent ability to accelerate healing in tendons, ligaments, muscles, the gut lining, and even the brain. Thousands of people use it. Clinicians prescribe it. And the online testimonials are often dramatic.

But here is the part that rarely gets mentioned in the glowing reviews: almost everything we know about BPC-157 comes from animal studies. As of November 2026, only three small human studies have been published, all from the same research group, and none were randomized, placebo-controlled trials.

That does not mean BPC-157 is useless. The preclinical data is genuinely impressive, and the mechanisms of action are well-characterized. Anyone considering this peptide deserves the full picture: how it works, how strong the evidence is for each use, what the three human studies found, how it is dosed, where it stands legally after the 2026 regulatory changes, and what the safety record does and does not show.

What Is BPC-157?

BPC-157 (Body Protection Compound-157) is a synthetic peptide consisting of 15 amino acids. It is derived from a protein found naturally in human gastric juice, which partly explains its remarkable stability in the digestive tract. Unlike most peptides, BPC-157 resists degradation by stomach acid, a property that makes oral administration potentially viable.

BPC-157 goes by several names. Papers write it as BPC 157 or BPC157, the Zagreb group calls it the stable gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157, and it has appeared under the development codes PL 14736 and PCO-02 and the name Bepecin. Online it is often called the Wolverine peptide, and the Wolverine stack pairs it with TB-500. It belongs to the wider family of therapeutic peptides that includes TB-500, GHK-Cu and KPV.

The peptide was first identified and studied by researchers at the University of Zagreb in Croatia, led by pharmacologist Predrag Sikirić, who have published the majority of BPC-157 research over the past three decades. Their work, spanning hundreds of animal studies, has demonstrated effects across an unusually wide range of biological systems: wound healing, gastrointestinal repair, tendon and ligament regeneration, neuroprotection, blood vessel formation, and anti-inflammatory activity.

⚠️ Regulatory Status: BPC-157 is not FDA-approved for any medical condition and is not a dietary supplement. The FDA placed it in Category 2 of its bulk drug substances list in September 2023, which kept compounding pharmacies from using it, and removed it on April 22, 2026 after the nomination was withdrawn. Since October 30, 2026, an HHS interim enforcement policy has let state-licensed 503A pharmacies compound BPC-157 acetate under strict sourcing and testing conditions. Products sold as “research chemicals” sit outside FDA drug regulation and carry no assurance of purity, potency, or sterility.

Primary Applications

🩺 Gut Healing

Originally isolated from gastric juice, BPC-157 has a natural affinity for the GI tract. Animal studies show protection against NSAID-induced ulcers, reduced intestinal inflammation, and restored mucosal integrity. The strongest preclinical evidence base of any application.

🦴 Musculoskeletal Repair

Promotes angiogenesis to address the poor blood supply bottleneck in tendon/ligament healing. Multiple animal studies demonstrate accelerated Achilles tendon recovery, rotator cuff repair, and improved biomechanical strength in healed tissue.

🧠 Neuroprotection

Interacts with dopamine, serotonin, GABA, and opioid systems. Animal models show protective effects against TBI, neurotoxin exposure, and medication-induced neurological damage. Also shows nerve-regenerating properties relevant to small fiber neuropathy.

What Are the Benefits of BPC-157?

The reported benefits of BPC-157 are faster repair of the gut lining, tendons, ligaments, muscle and nerves, plus lower inflammation, and nearly all of them come from rat and mouse studies. In humans, the only published outcomes are knee pain relief and interstitial cystitis symptom relief, both from small uncontrolled studies. Each benefit below names the kind of evidence behind it.

Does BPC-157 help gut problems such as ulcers, IBD and leaky gut?

Gut protection is the most studied use of BPC-157. In animal models, the peptide protected the stomach and intestinal lining from damage caused by NSAIDs, alcohol and induced colitis, and it sped healing of fistulas and surgical bowel connections. No human trial has tested it for Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, irritable bowel syndrome or intestinal permeability, so these uses are off label and rest on practitioner experience. The gut research is covered in more depth in BPC-157 for gut healing.

Does BPC-157 help tendon, ligament and joint injuries?

Tendon and ligament repair is the second most studied use. Rat studies of cut Achilles tendons, injured medial collateral ligaments and crushed muscle report faster healing and stronger repaired tissue, which researchers link to new blood vessel growth into poorly supplied tissue. The only human data is the 2021 knee pain chart review, in which 14 of 16 patients reported relief after an intra-articular injection. Clinicians use it off label for chronic joint pain, tennis elbow and plantar fasciitis, often alongside PRP injections or prolotherapy.

Does BPC-157 help nerve and brain injuries?

Nerve and brain effects are the least tested in people. Animal studies report better recovery after sciatic nerve injury, spinal cord compression and traumatic brain injury models, along with protection against several neurotoxins. No human study has tested BPC-157 for any neurological condition.

Does BPC-157 reduce inflammation?

BPC-157 lowered inflammatory markers across many animal models of gut, joint and soft tissue injury. It has not been tested in people with rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis or other autoimmune conditions. Some functional medicine practitioners pair it with dietary approaches such as the autoimmune protocol, a use based on clinical observation rather than trials.

How BPC-157 Works: Mechanisms of Action

One of the most interesting things about BPC-157 is the sheer breadth of its biological activity. Rather than targeting a single receptor or pathway, it appears to modulate multiple healing systems simultaneously. The best-characterized mechanisms include the following.

Angiogenesis (New Blood Vessel Formation)

BPC-157 promotes the growth of new blood vessels by upregulating VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor) and other angiogenic signals. This is significant because tissue repair depends on adequate blood supply. Tendons, ligaments, and cartilage are notoriously slow to heal in part because they have poor blood supply. By stimulating new vessel growth, BPC-157 may help overcome one of the fundamental bottlenecks in musculoskeletal healing.

Nitric Oxide System Modulation

The peptide interacts with the nitric oxide (NO) system, which regulates blood flow, inflammation, and tissue repair. BPC-157 appears to protect the NO system from disruption caused by drugs like NSAIDs and corticosteroids, and it may help restore normal NO signaling in damaged tissue. This is particularly relevant for gut healing, where NO plays a central role in maintaining mucosal integrity.

Growth Factor Upregulation

Beyond VEGF, BPC-157 has been shown (in animal models) to increase the expression of several growth factors involved in tissue repair: EGF (epidermal growth factor), FGF (fibroblast growth factor), and TGF-beta. These molecules drive cell proliferation, extracellular matrix production, and the organized rebuilding of damaged tissue. In cultured rat tendon fibroblasts, Chang and colleagues (2011 and 2014) found that BPC-157 activated the FAK-paxillin pathway that drives cell spreading and migration and increased growth hormone receptor expression.

Anti-Inflammatory Effects

BPC-157 reduces the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and appears to modulate the inflammatory response rather than simply suppressing it. Animal studies show it can counteract the tissue-damaging effects of NSAIDs on the gut lining while still allowing the normal inflammatory cascade needed for healing to proceed.

Neurotransmitter System Interaction

A 2024 review in Pharmaceuticals detailed BPC-157’s interactions with the dopamine, serotonin, GABA, and opioid systems. In animal models, the peptide showed antidepressant-like effects, reduced anxiety behaviors, and provided neuroprotection against various toxins. These neurotransmitter interactions may explain the cognitive and mood improvements reported anecdotally by users.

Evidence Grading by Application

Application	Evidence Grade	Summary
Gut healing / GI protection	PROMISING	Strongest preclinical evidence base. Dozens of animal studies show protection against NSAID-induced ulcers, alcohol damage, and intestinal inflammation. Original source (gastric juice) supports biological plausibility.
Tendon / ligament repair	PROMISING	Multiple animal studies show accelerated healing with improved biomechanical strength. One small (16-patient) human study showed 87.5% significant pain relief at 6-12 months. Mechanism (angiogenesis) is well-characterized.
Muscle injury recovery	EARLY	Animal models show organized muscle fiber regeneration (rather than scar tissue). No human data. Mechanism is plausible via growth factor upregulation.
Neuroprotection / TBI	EARLY	Animal data shows protective effects against brain injury models and neurotoxins. Interactions with dopamine/serotonin/GABA systems documented. Zero human data for neurological applications.
Anti-inflammatory / autoimmune	EARLY	Broad anti-inflammatory effects in animal models. Some practitioners use alongside AIP diet. Based entirely on clinical observation, not published human trials.
Mood / cognitive benefits	PRECLINICAL ONLY	Antidepressant-like and anxiolytic effects in animal models. Neurotransmitter interactions are documented. Human data essentially nonexistent.

💡 Honesty check: The gap between what BPC-157 might do and what has been proven in humans is real. Most evidence comes from animal models, primarily from a single research group in Croatia. The three published human studies are small, open-label, and without placebo controls. People using BPC-157 are, in a meaningful sense, early adopters. The risk profile appears favorable based on animal toxicology data, but “appears favorable in animals” is not the same as “proven safe in humans.”

The Human Evidence (What Little Exists)

Study	Patients	Condition	Route	Key Finding
Knee Pain (2021)	16	Chronic knee pain	Injection	87.5% reported significant pain relief at 6-12 months
Interstitial Cystitis (2024)	12	Bladder pain	Bladder injection	80-100% symptom resolution
IV Safety Pilot (2025)	2	Healthy adults	Intravenous	Up to 20mg IV was well-tolerated with no adverse effects

All three studies were led by Edwin Lee and published in Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine. The 2021 knee pain study was a retrospective chart review at an Orlando, Florida practice: 11 of 12 patients who received BPC-157 alone and 3 of 4 who also received thymosin beta-4 reported relief when contacted by phone. The 2024 interstitial cystitis study injected a total of 10 mg around inflamed bladder tissue during a single cystoscopy in 12 women. The 2025 intravenous pilot gave 10 mg and then 20 mg to two adults who had used intravenous BPC-157 before.

These results look encouraging, but all three are small, open-label studies without placebo controls, so placebo effects and observer bias cannot be ruled out. A randomized, placebo-controlled Phase I trial (NCT02637284) planned to give oral BPC-157 tablets to 42 healthy volunteers in Tijuana, Mexico. Its results were submitted to ClinicalTrials.gov in May 2016, the submission was cancelled, and no data was ever published. The reasons remain unclear.

A 2026 systematic review by Poolton, Minett and Kazmi in Acta Orthopaedica Belgica searched the literature up to June 2026 and found only these three studies, with 30 participants in total. The authors rated the overall certainty of evidence as very low because of serious risk of bias, indirectness and imprecision, and concluded that BPC-157 should be used in humans only within regulated, high-quality clinical trials.

BPC-157 Compared to Other Healing Peptides

Factor	BPC-157	TB-500 (Thymosin Beta-4)	GHK-Cu (Copper Peptide)
Source	Human gastric juice (synthetic)	Naturally occurring in all human cells	Naturally occurring in plasma, saliva, urine
Primary strength	Gut healing, tendon repair, broad anti-inflammatory	Muscle repair, cardiac tissue, hair growth, flexibility	Skin regeneration, wound healing, collagen synthesis
Key mechanism	Angiogenesis + NO modulation + growth factors	Cell migration + anti-inflammatory + actin regulation	Collagen/elastin stimulation + antioxidant + anti-inflammatory
Oral viability	Yes, acid-stable and used for GI conditions	No, injection only	Topical preferred; injectable available
Human evidence	3 small open-label studies	No published human clinical trials	Several small human studies (wound healing, skin)
Often used with BPC-157?	Not applicable	Yes, commonly stacked for musculoskeletal injuries	Less commonly combined; different target tissue
WADA status	Banned (S0, 2022)	Banned (S2, as a thymosin beta-4 derivative)	Not currently listed

TB-500 and GHK-Cu are the peptides most often compared with BPC-157. TB-500 is a synthetic fragment of thymosin beta-4 that is injected for muscle and soft tissue injuries, while GHK-Cu is used mainly on skin. KPV, a short anti-inflammatory peptide, is the other gut-focused option, and the 2026 HHS interim policy covers it for oral and topical forms.

Dosing Guide

Parameter	Oral BPC-157	Injectable (SubQ) BPC-157
Best for	Gut healing, GI conditions, systemic inflammation	Tendon/ligament injuries, localized tissue repair, muscle recovery
Typical dose	250-500 mcg, 1-2x daily	250-500 mcg, 1-2x daily near injury site
Bioavailability	Lower systemic levels, but high local GI concentration	Higher systemic bioavailability, bypasses digestion
Cycling	Common protocol: 4 weeks on, 2 weeks off	Common protocol: 4 weeks on, 2-4 weeks off
Timing	On empty stomach for GI contact; with food if sensitive	As close to injury site as practical; timing is flexible
Convenience	Easy (capsule or liquid)	Requires injection technique and sterile handling
Research basis	Animal studies show strong GI protection	Most animal studies and all human studies used injection

The key insight is that oral and injectable forms are not interchangeable. Oral BPC-157 excels for direct contact with the digestive tract. Injectable BPC-157 is the better choice when you need systemic delivery or targeted tissue repair away from the GI system. Some practitioners recommend using both simultaneously for conditions that involve both gut dysfunction and musculoskeletal issues.

The 250 to 500 mcg range comes from practitioner protocols, not from human dose-finding trials. Most rat studies used doses of 10 micrograms or 10 nanograms per kilogram of body weight, and the intravenous pilot used 10 to 20 mg, so the human doses in use today are an extrapolation. Dose, route and cycle length are covered step by step in the BPC-157 dosage guide.

How long does BPC-157 take to work?

No human study has measured how quickly BPC-157 works. In the 2021 knee study, patients were surveyed 6 months to 1 year after their injection, which says nothing about the first weeks. Practitioners usually reassess symptoms at the end of a 4-week cycle, and anyone who notices no change by then has little evidence to justify continuing.

Legal Status and FDA Classification

The legal field around BPC-157 is complicated, and it shifted significantly in 2023 and again in 2026.

In September 2023, the FDA placed BPC-157 in Category 2 of its bulk drug substances list. This classification means there is insufficient evidence to determine whether it is safe for human use, and it effectively kept compounding pharmacies from producing BPC-157 products. Before this reclassification, many patients obtained BPC-157 through compounding pharmacies with a physician’s prescription.

In 2026 the position changed three times. On April 22, 2026, the FDA moved BPC-157 off Category 2 because the nominator withdrew the nomination, a step that did not by itself permit compounding. In July 2026, the FDA's Pharmacy Compounding Advisory Committee (PCAC) voted in favor of adding BPC-157 to the 503A bulks list, even though the FDA's Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER) recommended against it. On October 30, 2026, HHS published an interim enforcement discretion policy covering BPC-157 and five other peptides.

The current situation is as follows. BPC-157 is not FDA-approved for any medical condition. State-licensed 503A pharmacies may compound BPC-157 acetate for subcutaneous, intramuscular, oral and topical use with a patient-specific prescription, but only when all ten conditions of the HHS policy are met, including a lot-specific certificate of analysis, single-ingredient products and MedWatch adverse event reporting. The policy is interim, does not place BPC-157 on the 503A bulks list, and can be revisited if a safety signal appears. Peptide suppliers still sell BPC-157 as a “research chemical,” a classification that exists outside FDA drug regulation. WADA (World Anti-Doping Agency) added BPC-157 to its Prohibited List in 2022 under Section S0 (Non-Approved Substances), making it banned in competitive athletics. Possession for personal use is not illegal, but buying products marketed for human consumption outside these pharmacy channels remains a legal gray area.

The FDA’s stated concerns include potential immune reactions, manufacturing impurities from unregulated sources, and the lack of human safety data. These are legitimate concerns. Products purchased from unregulated suppliers carry no assurance of purity, potency, or sterility, and contamination is a real risk with injectable compounds.

Safety and Side Effects

Based on the available data, BPC-157 has a favorable safety profile in animal studies. Across hundreds of preclinical studies, no adverse effects or toxicities have been reported, even at doses far exceeding those used therapeutically. The 2025 IV safety pilot showed that even 20mg intravenously (far higher than typical subcutaneous doses) was well-tolerated in 2 healthy adults.

However, “no adverse effects in animals and 2 humans” is not the same as “proven safe.” Anecdotal reports from users include injection site reactions (pain, redness, swelling), joint stiffness or pain (sometimes temporary worsening before improvement), anxiety or restlessness, heart palpitations, fatigue or drowsiness, and appetite changes.

It is difficult to determine whether these side effects are caused by BPC-157 itself, by contaminants in unregulated products, or by other factors. This ambiguity is one of the strongest arguments for sourcing from reputable suppliers and working with a knowledgeable clinician if you choose to use this peptide.

The 2026 systematic review found no treatment-related adverse events across the three human studies, but 30 people followed for short periods cannot detect uncommon or delayed harms. The FDA's own listed concerns are immune reactions to the peptide, peptide-related impurities and incomplete characterization of the active ingredient. The broader question of peptide safety, including sourcing and injection practice, is covered in are peptides safe.

⚠️ Who should NOT use BPC-157:

Pregnant or breastfeeding women: no safety data exists
People with active cancer: BPC-157 promotes angiogenesis and cell growth, which could theoretically be problematic
Competitive athletes subject to WADA testing: it is on the Prohibited List
Anyone on blood-thinning medications: theoretical interaction due to NO system effects

Always consult a healthcare provider before using any peptide therapy.

Who Prescribes BPC-157 and How to Find a Clinic

BPC-157 is prescribed mainly by physicians, nurse practitioners and physician assistants in functional medicine, integrative medicine, sports medicine, anti-aging and hormone clinics, usually as part of a wider peptide therapy program. Regenerative orthopedic and pain clinics that also offer PRP, prolotherapy or stem cell therapy sometimes add it to injury protocols. Under the 2026 HHS policy, a compounded prescription must come from a licensed prescriber for a named patient.

BPC-157 is cash pay in practice: insurers do not cover a drug that is not FDA-approved, and clinics set their own prices for the peptide, supplies and follow-up visits. Ask for the full cost of a cycle in writing before you start.

What to ask a clinic before starting BPC-157

Which licensed pharmacy compounds the peptide, and can you share the certificate of analysis for my lot?
Which route, dose and cycle length do you recommend for my condition, and why?
How will you measure whether it is working, and when will we stop if it is not?
Which of my conditions or medications, such as cancer history, pregnancy or blood thinners, rule it out?
How will side effects be reported and followed up?

The BPC-157 treatment guide summarizes indications and evidence in one place, and state lists such as peptide therapy clinics in Florida, New York or Pennsylvania narrow the search. Regenerated.com is free for patients. Listing order is not paid ranking, Featured slots are labeled and capped, and Verified means credential checks, not spend, as explained in how Featured, Verified and organic listings differ. Inclusion in the directory is not an endorsement.

The Bottom Line

BPC-157 occupies a unique position in regenerative medicine. The preclinical science is compelling, the mechanisms of action are well-characterized, and the anecdotal clinical experience is extensive. But the formal human evidence remains thin: three uncontrolled studies with 30 participants, rated very low certainty in a 2026 systematic review. The October 2026 HHS policy gives patients a pharmacy-compounded option with lot testing, yet research chemical products still raise real quality control concerns, and no regulatory change has added new evidence.

If you are considering BPC-157, here is a framework for thinking about it. The strongest case for use is in people who have exhausted conventional options for gut healing or tendon repair, who understand they are working with an evidence base that is strong in animals but limited in humans, who can source pharmaceutical-grade product through a knowledgeable clinician, and who do not fall into any of the contraindication categories above.

The weakest case for use is as a first-line therapy when proven alternatives exist, in anyone with active cancer or cancer risk factors, when purchased from unverified online sources without clinician guidance, or by competitive athletes who face doping sanctions.

The gap between what BPC-157 might do and what has been proven in humans is real. But for the right person in the right situation, the risk-benefit calculation may be favorable. Just go in with your eyes open.

Frequently Asked Questions

Is BPC-157 legal to buy and use?

BPC-157 is legal to possess in the United States, but it is not FDA-approved for any condition. Since October 30, 2026, an HHS interim policy has allowed state-licensed 503A pharmacies to compound BPC-157 acetate with a prescription under strict testing conditions. Products sold online as research chemicals are not approved for human use, and the World Anti-Doping Agency has banned BPC-157 in competitive sport since 2022.

Can I take BPC-157 orally instead of injecting it?

Yes. BPC-157 survives stomach acid, so oral capsules or liquid deliver it directly to the digestive tract, which is why practitioners favor the oral form for gut complaints. For tendon, ligament and muscle injuries, subcutaneous injection near the injury gives higher systemic exposure and is generally preferred. All three human studies used injection or infusion, so oral dosing has the thinnest human data of any route.

How long should I cycle BPC-157?

Practitioners most commonly use 4 weeks on followed by 2 to 4 weeks off, and some use 2 weeks on and 2 weeks off for maintenance. No published human research has established an optimal cycle, a maximum duration or the effects of repeated cycles. These schedules come from practitioner experience and extrapolation from animal data, so a prescriber should set the length and reassess symptoms at the end of each cycle.

Can I stack BPC-157 with TB-500?

BPC-157 and TB-500 are often combined in musculoskeletal recovery protocols, sometimes called the Wolverine stack. The rationale is that BPC-157 drives new blood vessel growth and local repair while TB-500 promotes cell migration. The only human data on the pair comes from 4 patients in the 2021 knee pain chart review, 3 of whom reported relief, which is far too few to judge whether the combination adds anything.

What are the risks of buying BPC-157 online?

The main risk is product quality. Research chemical suppliers are not inspected as drug manufacturers, and their products can be contaminated, underdosed, mislabeled or a different compound altogether. Injectable products also carry sterility and endotoxin risks. A prescription filled by a state-licensed compounding pharmacy that supplies a lot-specific certificate of analysis, as the 2026 HHS policy requires, reduces these risks but does not remove them.

Is BPC-157 FDA approved?

No. BPC-157 is not FDA-approved for any medical condition, and no company has completed the clinical trials that approval requires. The FDA advisory committee vote in July 2026 and the HHS interim policy of October 2026 concern compounding, not approval: they let licensed pharmacies prepare it for individual prescriptions, but the peptide has never passed FDA review of its safety or efficacy for any use.

Medical Disclaimer: This article is for educational purposes and does not constitute medical advice. BPC-157 is not FDA-approved for any medical condition. If you are considering peptide therapy, work with a qualified healthcare provider who can evaluate your specific situation, discuss the evidence honestly, and monitor your response. Do not self-treat without professional guidance.